Competition law is a newcomer to the legal system recently. A sound understanding of competition policy can provide us with sufficient bases to apply a fundamental and normative view of the issues of competition law. The difference in supervision and regulation determines how the market functions and in order to understand this difference one must understand competition policy. Competition policy may be based on governmental support for national production and industry or on a non-interventional and regulatory posture. Moreover, supervision, based on the principle of non-intervention in the market mechanism, is rooted in liberal ideas; however, regulation, whether as a rule or an exception, is based on the assertion that the market has been ineffective in attaining its goals. Therefore, the government will resort to interventions to regulate inefficiencies.  This paper aims to analyze Supervisory Authority in Implementing Competitive Policy by employing the description method. In this article the author tries to first delineate competition policy, its related requirements and imposed deviations to the market. Then, by defining the supervisory entity and clarifying its distinction from the regulatory institutions, the author considers the characteristics of an appropriate supervisory entity conducting a comparative study of this issue in Iran and the U.S.A. This form of Competition policy because of its applicable experiences which have been well described by recent scholarship is considered suitable for the native system.

Insurance is a kind of service and like all goods and services, it has a market, However, due to its special features, the insurance market includes three pillars: buyer, seller, and regulator. In fact, regulation and supervision are two simultaneous concepts, in order to identify the cases in which the market fails, , Is used to control the deficiencies caused by the mentioned cases . Therefore, the present article seeks to answer the question of the importance of regulating the insurance market by the government with a descriptive-analytical method. What tools and methods are used to regulate insurance in Iran? And have they been able to lead to proper and efficient regulation and supervising of the market? However, each government, depending on its conditions and facilities, uses methods and tools to regulate and monitor the insurance market, In the Iranian insurance industry, the method of command and control and subsequent tools are used, which is considered to be one of the most basic and oldest methods and tools And developed countries that have leading insurance markets no longer find this method useful and do not use it And due to the privatization and liberalization of the insurance market in recent years, it seems that the applied methods and tools lack the necessary efficiency. And it is necessary to make changes in this field by changing the laws and regulations.

The current research was conducted with the aim of the effect of attachment style on emotion regulation with the mediating role of identity style. The research method was descriptive and structural equation analysis. The statistical population of the research was all second year high school students of Kashan city in the academic year of 1400-1401, of which 500 people were selected by random cluster method. Data were collected based on three questionnaires: Gross & Jan (2003) Emotional Regulation Inventory, Identity Style Scale (6G-ISI) and Collins and Reid (1990) Attachment Style Questionnaire. The data are obtained by structural equation modeling and using Laserl 8.8 and 26 spss software. analyzed. Based on the results, secure attachment style at a significance level of 0.01, avoidant attachment style at a significance level of 0.05, and ambivalent attachment style at a significance level of 0.01 directly predicted emotion regulation. Among the three attachments, secure attachment style predicted emotion regulation at a significant level of 0.01, with the mediation of identity styles. Informational identity style at a significance level of 0.01, confused identity style at a significance level of 0.05 directly predicted emotion regulation. Among the three attachments, only the secure attachment style at a significance level of 0.01 had a significant role in predicting the normative identity style. According to the results of this study, emotion regulation is one of the most important constructs of educational psychology and an important factor in determining mental health and successful performance. It is in education that the factors affecting emotion regulation and its antecedents should be identified. Planning for training and holding educational workshops in this field in schools is suggested for students.

The market and understanding of its various aspects with a historical approach can be considered an important field in the studies of the humanities and social sciences. The emergence of market relations in Iranian urban society in its evolved form is like a community that, through study and research in various aspects, can achieve deep layers and a broad picture of the nature of historical economic and social relations in Iran. One of the important aspects in this field is related to the two-way relationship between the market and the government, including the sphere of security and regulation in the market, which, based on historical experience, shows the government as the main custodian in this field. However, with the arrival of new civilization manifestations, the government's tools for regulation have also changed. This article aims to examine the mechanisms of market regulation (with an emphasis on the Tehran market) and the developments resulting from the entry of new institutions into this field. The approach of the article is qualitative, conducted using the historical research method, and data collection is based on the library method. The results of the research show that part of the internal regulation of the market was always maintained by its internal forces and the other part by traditional positions appointed by the government. However, with the entry of institutions such as the Nazmiyeh into the field of urban management, the powers of the internal authorities of the market and traditional positions gradually declined. Although this change was slow, it gradually led to the collapse of the foundations of traditional powers, and the control of the markets, like other areas, came under the influence and dominance of new institutions.

The economic growth of the country is a continuous process and with it comes feeding the basic necessities like housing and infrastructure, so cement growth follows economic growth and sometimes accelerates it. But cement industry is highly dependent on emissions-intensive energy sources and also is a capital intensive industry.Hence, characterizing the effective economic factors on cement demand and forecasting cement consumption for strategic planning guidance is useful.This article attempts to forecast cement consumption by methods of components market and inference of demand function (using autoregressive distributed lag model), for the year 2008. The results with regard to the past years-that country's cement consumption was restricted by supply-show cement demand in Iran is a function of cement price, government infrastructure expenditures and value added of building sector. Accordingly, the government has an effective role in regulating the cement market and its fluctuations, by setting price, allocating development funds to expand production capacity of the economy, reforming culture of consumption and helping the export marketing.

In Iran's economy, the promotion of competition and control of monopolies, along with the implementation of market regulation policies by monitoring institutions, has gained legal status with the approval of the general policies of Article 44 of the Constitution. This article attempts to evaluate the intensity of market power in Iran's automotive industry from 2002 to 2020, before and after market regulation, using the distance frontier approach. The research findings indicate that before market regulation, the degree of market power was 2.331, and the Lerner index stood at 0.695. The import share of automobiles and the concentration of domestic producers played a significant role in creating cost inefficiencies and establishing a rigid oligopolistic structure in the industry. However, after market regulation, the import share of automobiles and the concentration of producers managed to reduce cost inefficiencies and the intensity of monopolization to 0.733 and 0.408, respectively. In fact, the research results suggest that although the monitoring institution, through price ceiling tools and market regulation policies, has managed to reduce the degree of market power in the automotive industry, the increase in production capacity and scale has significantly raised costs, and the exploitation of economies of scale and production capacity has not been optimal.

The present paper investigated the effectiveness of concept mapping as a learning strategy on EFL students’ self-regulation (metacognitive self-regulation, time and study environment, effort regulation, peer learning, and help seeking). Sixty university students participated in the study. They were randomly assigned to control and experimental groups, each including thirty students. They were at the intermediate level of English proficiency and studying English either Translation or Literature. Their language proficiency was determined by the Michigan Test of English Language Proficiency (MTELP) (Corrigan, 1979). The instrument to collect data on the students’ selfregulation was the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) (Printrich et al., 1991). The findings revealed that students gained higher self-regulation in writing tasks as the result of the explicit instruction of the concept mapping strategy. The findings have implications for pedagogy as well as for research.

Purpose: Identifying the determinants of youth employment has a direct effect on enhancing productivity, and knowing such determinants can facilitate it for policymakers to deal with the challenges ahead. Youth employment in the MENA region is one of the lowest levels of employment in the world, which has weakened productivity in this region compared to other regions of the world. The hypothesis suggested by the neoclassical labor market theory is that the lower employment is mainly due to the presence of more stringent rules of the labor market which pose an obstacle to achieving full employment. Neoclassical theoretical arguments in favor of higher labor market flexibility are based on the fact that labor market flexibilization is a key factor to enhance productivity, increase the competition of firms in the market, and increase economic growth and employment. In particular, it is possible to express at least four reasons as why a high degree of rigidity in the labor market reduces the employment level. They are a) the existence of stringent labor market rules determines that, in equilibrium conditions, workers’ wages be higher than their marginal product, thus leading to the misallocation of resources, b) higher labor market rigidity poses an obstacle to the adjustment of the labor market determined by the changes of the business cycle, c) the rigidity of labor markets induces economic rents from the capital to labor, which reduces the profitability of investors and discourages investment and economic growth, and d) the rigidity of labor market institutions protects insiders and prevents outsiders (especially young workers) from accessing the labor market. On the other hand, there are at least three arguments in opposition to the neoclassical labor market hypothesis. They include a) higher deregulation does not contribute to an increase in youth employment, but it exerts only a substitution effect, e.g. the substitution of typical employment with sub-protected workers, b) policies aiming to provide greater flexibility in the labor market may have some effect in the short run, but, in the long run, they are harmful for innovation, economic growth and employment, c) labor market flexibility policies to reduce workers' wage have detrimental effects on firms because they lead to adverse selection regarding workers. Considering the theoretical arguments pro and con, the motivation for this study is to evaluate whether the implementation of labor market flexibility has produced the desired effects on employment as stated by the neoclassical theory, or, vice versa, whether it is harmful to employment as stated by heterodox scholars.Methodology: In this study, we use the youth employment data and the labor market regulation index in the MENA region from 2005 to 2019 as well as the two-stage D-GMM estimator method and the two-stage SYS-GMM method to evaluate the robustness of the results. We also examine the validity of the neoclassical hypothesis regarding the effect of flexibility on employment.Findings and Discussion: Based on the results, labor market regulations have a positive and insignificant effect on youth employment, which does not provide evidence in support of the neoclassical hypothesis. On the contrary, this research shows that economic growth and foreign direct investment have a positive and significant effect on youth employment. In the case of the inflation variable, the D-GMM estimator method shows a positive and significant effect but, in the case of the population growth variable, the SYS-GMM estimator shows a significant negative effect.Conclusions and policy implications: The economic literature suggests that higher labor market flexibility is one of the main pillars to increase youth employment. Indeed, a rigid labor market increases production costs for firms and reduces firms’ competitiveness in international markets; as a result, production and employment are reduced. Considering the other variables in our empirical model, we find that growth contributes to increase youth employment. In this regard, it is worth spending some words regarding the effect of growth on youth employment. That economic growth allows for the increase of youth employment is not new because, over time, it has been confirmed empirically in several previous studies. Instead, much discussion revolves around the debate of how to create an environment which is favorable for economic growth. One of the most important factors that can create a suitable environment for economic growth is improving competitiveness in the market. One of the ways in this regard is to increase the flexibility of the labor market through a) the introduction of atypical jobs (fixed and part-time contracts) to facilitate the entry of young people into the labor market, b) lowering the hiring and firing costs, allowing firms to increase their competitiveness on international markets and adjust the labor demand according to the business, c) reducing employment security, aiming to reduce the protection that insider workers enjoy, thus preventing the labor market segmentation described by the insider-outsider theory, and d) reducing the dominance of the public sector or, in other words, the development of a private sector, which is very important for job creation. The dominant role of the public sector as an employer throughout MENA has distorted labor market and diverted resources from dynamic private sectors. On the other hand, government hiring practices have typically placed a premium on diplomas over actual skills and contributed to skill mismatches. Another tool that can increase the flexibility and efficiency of the labor market and, thus, economic growth is the appropriate investment in active labor market policies, which have been growing in recent years in developing countries. This is because governments of these economies increasingly see ALMPs as a tool capable of both improving labor market efficiency and increasing growth. Active labor market policies can be growth-enhancing through higher average productivity in the economy by helping workers to find jobs that are better suited to their skills and experience, encouraging skill acquisition and human capital development, improving participants' employability, reducing information asymmetry in job-search processes, and raising the average job-matching rate.